10 software Must Learn Electrical Engineering

                                                                                                                                                                                         

●   The professional Electrical Engineer work in the design, development, simulation, prototyping, and testing of electrical equipment and systems.

 ●    Electrical Engineering is based heavily on the use of various simulation software and programming skills. Here’s given a list of electrical engineering software every Electrical graduate must learn. 

●     These softwares help build a strong career path in electrical engineering, whether working in research & academia building components and systems as a field engineer. The mentioned software are used in various organizations. 

List of software

1. MATLAB and Simulink (mathematical  computing & model file)

2. PSIM (Electronic circuit design) open-source software

3. FEMM (Magnetic element analysis)

4. Power world simulator ( simulate power system )

5. AUTOCAD

6. Keil ûvnison Final (Microcontroller coading) Free source 

7. Arduino (open source available but suggestion to support if you can)

8. Circuit Lab 

9.  Pv Syst open source

10.  Unity pro S plc design

1. MATLAB and Simulink 

(mathematical  computing & model file)

• MATLAB  is User-friendly software.

Type of Diode Power electronics Device and their symbols plus V -I characteristic (Diode section)

 Power electronics Device and their symbols plus V -I characteristic

1) Diode 

Two types of diode 

i) Germanium

Germanium diodes have the advantage of an intrinsically low forward voltage drop, typically 0.3 volts; this low forward voltage drop results in a low power loss and more efficient diode, making it superior in many ways to the silicon diode.

ii) Silicon

A diode is an electrical switch commonly made of semiconductor material, such as silicon. It consists of two terminals: positive (anode) and negative (cathode). It is often used as a rectifier, which is a device that converts AC to DC with current flowing in one direction.

V-I Characteristic of Diode

Sub type of Diode

schottky Diode

A Schottky diode is one type of electronic component, which is also known as a barrier diode. It is widely used in different applications like a mixer, in radio frequency applications, and as a rectifier in power applications. It's a low voltage diode. The power drop is lower compared to the PN junction diodes.

Shockley Diode

The Shockley diode (named after physicist William Shockley) is a four-layer semiconductor diode, which was one of the first semiconductor devices invented. It is a PN-PN diode, with alternating layers of P-type and N-type material. It is equivalent to a thyristor with a disconnected gate.

Invented: William Shockley

Constant current Diode

A constant current diode, also called a current limiting diode (CLD), is an electronic device that regulates or limits current to a maximum value. This is important as it protects your circuit from harmful effects in the event of a short-circuit.

Zener Diode

A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow "backwards" when a certain set reverse voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is reached. Zener diodes are manufactured with a great variety of Zener voltages and some are even variable

Light -emitting Diode

An LED is electronic device that emits light when sufficient current flows throughout the object. LED is very heavily doped.

Photo Diode

A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas.

Working principle: Converts light into current

Pin configuration: A & K

Step Recovery Diode

The step recovery diode or SRD is a form of semiconductor diode that can be used as a charge controlled switch and it has the ability to generate very sharp pulses. The step recovery diode, SRD is a rather specialist device that finds a number of applications in microwave radio frequency electronics.

Tunnel Diode

A tunnel diode (also known as a Esaki diode) is a type of semiconductor diode that has effectively “negative resistance” due to the quantum mechanical effect called tunneling. Tunnel diodes have a heavily doped pn junction that is about 10 nm wide.

Varactor Diode

Definition: The diode whose internal capacitance varies with the variation of the reverse voltage such type of diode is known as the Varactor diode. It is used for storing the charge. The varactor diode always works in reverse bias, and it is a voltage-dependent semiconductor device.

PIN Diode

A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, undoped intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor region. The p-type and n-type regions are typically heavily doped because they are used for ohmic contacts. The wide intrinsic region is in contrast to an ordinary p–n diode.

Vacuum Tube Diode

this diode is first ever diode invented by pysicist

A vacuum tube, an electron tube, valve (British usage) or tube (North America),is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied.

The type known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses the phenomenon of thermionic emission of electrons from a hot cathode and is used for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification. Non-thermionic types, such as a vacuum phototube however, achieve electron emission through the photoelectric effect, and are used for such purposes as the detection of light intensities. In both types, the electrons are accelerated from the cathode to the anode by the electric field in the tube.

The simplest vacuum tube, the diode, invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Electrons can only flow in one direction through the device—from the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more control grids within the tube allows the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grids.

I used data for this blog from internet and random selection so if any issue related to licences or copy right or mention the credit please contact me.

I am engineer not artist or digital creator i'm just beginner here not aware many rules

Arduino Error l What step to solve error #include in Arduino l Error solution in Arduino? Electrical engineering

 

If you find  error in Arduino using ESP8266 WIFI module? 

• Follow the steps!

• Then solution is here  NODEMCU card with the Arduino IDE, you need to customize it and you must have selected the correct card.

  Open Arduino IDE and go to files and click on the preference in the Arduino IDE.

• If you find similar error?

1. Add the following link to the Additional Manager URLS section:

 

 GO  ---- > File --->  Preferences  after that past this link

 Add the following link to the Additional Manager URLS section: "http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json"

and press the OK button.

2. The next step is Go yo tools .

Then click Tools> Board Manager. Type "ESP8266" in the text box to search and install the ESP8266 software for Arduino IDE.

Install the file and if you find some error then install Lower version such as 2.5.1.

Now finally  you have to go SKETCH  

• Click Sketch > Include Library > Manage Libraries, search for ESP8266WiFi and then install with the latest version.

After above steps, you should compile the sketch normally.

Types of transformer. Various type of transformer l part 1

Types of Transformer

1.  Single phase transformer
2.   Three phase transformer

• Single phase transformer

Single-phase transformers accept single-phase AC power and output single-phase AC power, typically at a higher or lower voltage level. Energy is transferred from one circuit to one or more circuits via electromagnetic induction.

Operation

A single-phase transformer is a type of power transformer that utilizes single-phase alternating current, meaning the transformer relies on a voltage cycle that operates in a unified time phase. They are often used to step-down long distance and localized transmission currents into power levels more suitable for residential and light-commercial applications. The ratio of primary (input) windings to secondary (output) windings determines the change in current. Single-phase transformers with a 1:1 ratio can be used to isolate circuits. Single-phase transformers abide by Ohm's law, and outside of minor inherent loss due to heat, do not create or remove power.

·           Single-phase transformers are more popular than three-phase transformers in non-urban areas, as the cost of a three-phase distribution network is much higher, and the overall electrical demand is lower. The highest voltage available in a single-phase network is regulated by utility infrastructure and industrial regulations. A single-phase transformer is frequently used for power distribution and voltage reduction for residential and commercial applications. When used with appliances, the lower voltage output is often rectified into DC current before powering appliances, such as a computer.

·           High-voltage systems typically employ three-phase transformers to power apartment buildings, retail centers, factories, offices, and other large-scale structures, as well as electric motors—single-phase power supplies do not produce the rotating magnetic field required to induce rotation. Three-phase power systems are more common in cities, where dense power supply demands require transformers that route hundreds or thousands of kVA.

Types

The following transformer types are commonly manufactured to accept and output single-phase AC power.

Audio transformer: removes ground noise from audio signals by encasing the transformer in magnetic shieldings.

Autotransformer: typically used in low power applications to connect circuits with different voltage classes. It contains only one winding, cannot isolate circuits, and is usually smaller, lighter, and cheaper than other transformers. The voltage source and electrical load are connected to two taps, and voltages are determined by tapping the winding at different points. An autotransformer with an adjustable tap is known as a variac or variable transformer, and an example is pictured at right.

Buck-boost transformer: this type of transformer adjusts a voltage level to device specifications. They are commonly used as circuit isolators.

Constant-voltage transformer (CVT): these produce a relatively constant output voltage, despite potentially large variances in the input voltage.

Constant-current transformer: also called a regulator, it has a self-adjusting secondary winding that provides a consistent output current for any load within its dynamic range. It is common for streetlight applications.

  

Distribution transformer: this is the oft-seen, pole-mounted transformer that steps-down current for light-duty electrical applications.

Flyback transformer: to produce a high-voltage output, the transformer stores energy in its magnetic windings for a short period of time.

Generator step-up transformer: steps-up voltage levels to a suitable long-distance transmission voltage level.

Harmonic mitigating transformer: utilizes phase-shifting, electromagnetic flux cancellation, and source impedance to decrease harmonic currents in distribution systems, which ultimately lowers transformer operating temperature.

Impedance matching transformer: are used to minimize signal reflection from an electrical load and often have a 1:1 turn ratio. A common example of an impedance-matching transformer would be a balun, which is used to connect two circuits of mismatched impedance, such as a balanced line of two conductors carrying equal currents in opposite directions that is connected to an unbalanced line of one conductor carrying current and a ground.

Industrial control transformer: supply power to constant-current or constant-voltage devices that may be sensitive to variations in electrical supply, such as solenoids, relays, or other electromechanical devices.

Interface transformer: isolates communication signals.

Isolation transformer: is not used to step-up or step-down voltages, but rather to buffer circuits from each other.

Leakage transformer (stray-field transformer): maintains a high leakage inductance by loosely coupling the magnetic fluxes of the primary and secondary windings. This makes the transformer short-resistant, an important characteristic of transformers for welding operations.

Lighting transformer: supplies low voltages for lighting and other light-duty applications.

Medical transformer: leakage current, high potential requirements, temperature class, and current and thermal fusing are the primary concerns of medical transformers due to the sensitive environments in which they are employed. They are carefully regulated by law and industrial standards.

Multi-ratio transformer: a transformer with several outputs with each output tap corresponding to a different transformer ratio.

Neutral grounding transformer: protects power transformers and generators from harmful fault currents.  When a fault occurs, a voltage is induced in the open delta and there is a voltage drop in the connected resistor.

Power transformer: convert voltages from one level or phase to another for widespread power distribution.

Rectified transformer: converts AC to DC.

Resonant transformer: a capacitor is placed across one or both windings to function so the circuit can be tuned.

Solar power transformer: the transformer can be incorporated as part of a single-phase string inverter, or as a step-up transformer to connect PV plants to a grid.

Substation transformer: a step-down transformer that converts transmission-level voltages to distribution-level voltages.

Configurations

Variations in transformer design enable use for specific applications.

Windings

The ratio of primary (input) coils to secondary (output) coils determines if the voltage is increased or decreased after routing through the transformer. Some transformers have an adjustable turn ratio, while others maintain 1:1 (or near 1:1) ratio to simply isolate circuits. Other transformers utilize a single coil, and voltage is transmitted by tapping the coil at an intermediate point.

Winding configuration

·         Single: one primary winding that accepts one nominal voltage

·         Dual: dual primary windings that accept two nominal voltages

·         Quad (2+2): dual primary windings and each winding accepts two nominal voltages

·         5-lead: primary winding can accept five nominal voltages

·         Ladder: consists of cascading windings that create a series of inductances between adjacent windings

Cooling

·         Oil-filled transformers rely on a strong dielectric oil to insulate components and dissipate heat. Mineral oil, synthetic-ester, and silicone-based fluids have replaced PCBs. Some transformers may utilize radiators, filters, fans, pumps, or heat exchangers to manage transformer oil, depending on the application.

·         PCB-filled transformers are replaced by other cooling methods when the fluid expires, as PCB has been identified as a carcinogen for more than 50 years. Many PCB transformers remain in operation today, however, and may still be sought in less regulated markets.

·         Transformers that use water to cool components are immersed in oil, but cool water is fed through copper pipes below the oil surface to improve circulation and heat exchange. Another method is to pump heated oil out of the transformer through tubes that are doused in water.

·         Dry/air-cooled transformers contain two windings that face each other but does not contain a core. The windings are cooled via convection, which might be supplemented with a ventilated enclosure and blowers or fans.

·         Encapsulated transformers utilize a dielectric, thermal management resin to seal the transformer components from contaminants.

Core

Mounting The overall size and weight of a transformer ultimately determines how it should be installed. Chassis: integral structures enable the transformer to be installed via fasteners. Chip: typically manufactured with thin-film technology, these transformers are incorporated into integrated circuits and are often used as isolators. Dish/disk: toroidal core transformers can be mounted with hardware that includes a bolt through the middle of the torus. H-frame: a mounting style that mitigates the effects of vibration and shock. Modular jack: typically a modular connecter with a built-in transformer. Pad: the transformer is installed upon a structural foundation, such as substation transformers that are affixed to a concrete pad. PC/PCB: also known as board-mount transformers, these transformers transfer voltage between two circuits for circuit board applications. They consists of windings, core, casing, a mounting method (through-hole or surface mount), and connection terminals. Some PCB transformers are ICs made via semiconductor processing. Pole: these ubiquitous transformers affixed to roadside utility poles step-down voltage from localized transmission levels to residential- and commercial-appropriate voltages. Skid/trailer: large transformers can be easily relocated to meet changing electrical needs. They accommodate temporary increases in local electrical needs. Specifications The accompanying parameters are important when considering single-phase transformers. Operating frequency range: transformers with high operating frequencies tend to be smaller, as fewer windings are needed to match impedances. Primary voltage rating: input voltage range; several nominal voltages represent more than one primary winding. Secondary voltage rating: output voltage range Secondary current rating: rated output current Power rating (VA): maximum voltage suitable for a transformer, expressed in volts-amps. Operating temperature: safe temperature range of a transformer in operation; transformer temperatures rise while in use. Features Current limiting protection: an overcurrent protection mechanism. Flameproof: the transformer has enhanced fire resistance, which is useful in potentially-reactive environments such as mines. NEMA enclosure: the transformer casing or container conforms to a NEMA rating, a standard regarding ingress protection for various industrial and environmental contaminants. Indoor/outdoor rated: the transformer is specified for certain operating environments. Oil-filled transformers are almost always installed outside. Waterproof: transformer has a sealed case to prevent water intrusion. Submersible: transformer can be submerged. Tamperproof: the transformer cabinet retains a lock or other vandal-resistant mechanism.   For more update related to we electricals stay tune with me  follow on  Instagram @im_p_j Facebook page parth kharva